An Evidence Based Practice Perspective Regarding The Role Of The Nurse Practitioner In Men\u27S Health Promotion

A core concept in society is health. The concept of health can be defined by each individual with qualifiers such as good, bad, reasonable, or poor based on a variety of factors such as age, gender, current conditions, past conditions, or the demands of various roles in society. Health has been defined as, “a state of physical, mental, and social functioning that realizes a person’s potential” (Greiner, Fain, & Edelman, 2002, p. 6). The importance o f health promotion as a concept has been researched and defined throughout history. Early theories on health promotion or disease prevention began by Florence Nightingale during the 1820s. Florence Nightingale, who is the matriarch of modem nursing, believed preventive medicine and health promotion were prominent in Nightingale’s conceptualization o f a good health care system. These ideas are reflected in Healthy People 2010, which is a comprehensive set o f disease prevention and health promotion objectives for the United States. The goals are to increase quality and years of healthy life and to eliminate health disparities (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). The United States’ health care system has been described as complex and fragmented with large gaps in certain segments o f the population. M en’s health is one area that needs more attention. “Men’s particular health needs, experiences, and concerns frequently are not integrated into existing health care delivery systems” (Porche & Willis, 2004). Moreover, the current level o f nursing knowledge regarding the role of the nurse practitioner in men’s health promotion is limited. For too many years the medical community has fallen behind in the health promotion o f men. Clinical significance regarding the role of the nurse practitioner in promoting health for men is and should be focused on the need for cost-effective, high-quality care. Males are not just biologically different from females; males differ in their behaviors and the risks taken in life. Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model will be utilized to form the foundation for this research project. According to Pender, health promotion is motivated by the individual’s desire to attain well-being. She believed that the optimal goal o f nursing was optimal health for the individual. Using an Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) approach, which is based on the work of Sackett, Richardson, Rosenberg, and Haynes (2000) will be used for this project. EBM is the integration o f clinical expertise, patient values, and the best evidence into the decision making process for patient care. The patient brings to the encounter his or her own personal and unique concerns, expectations, and values. Data-based and theory-based literatures as well as randomized control trials were compared with practices in place today. The key findings and recommendations can be used in by nurse practitioners in men’s health promotion and disease prevention. The need for further research and role development by nurse practitioners is critical for the advancement of men’s health issues in the primary care setting. Implications for nursing theory, advanced nursing practice, nurse practitioner education, nursing research, and health policy are provided as they emerge from the concepts explored

Factors that Contribute to Resident Teaching Effectiveness

Background One of the key components of residency training is to become an educator. Resident physicians teach students, advanced practice providers, nurses, and even faculty on a daily basis. Objective The goal of this study was to identify the objective characteristics of residents, which correlate with perceived overall teaching effectiveness. Methods We conducted a one-year, retrospective study to identify factors that were associated with higher resident teaching evaluations. Senior emergency medicine (EM) teaching residents are evaluated by medical students following clinical teaching shifts. Eighteen factors pertaining to resident teaching effectiveness were chosen. Two items from the medical students' evaluations were analyzed against each factor: teaching effectiveness was measured on a five-point Likert scale and an overall teaching score (1-75). Results A total of 46 EM residents and 843 medical student evaluations were analyzed. The ACGME milestones for systems-based practice (p = 0.02) and accountability (p = 0.05) showed a statistically significant association with a rating of "five" on the Likert scale for teaching effectiveness. Three other ACGME milestones, systems-based practice (p = 0.01), task switching (p = 0.04), and team management (p = 0.03) also showed a statically significant association of receiving a score of 70 or greater on the overall teaching score. Conclusion Residents with higher performance associated with system management and accountability were perceived as highly effective teachers. USMLE and in-service exams were not predictive of higher teaching evaluations. Our data also suggest that effective teachers are working in both academic and community settings, providing a potential resource to academic departments and institutions

Post-Intensive Care Unit Psychiatric Comorbidity and Quality of Life

The prevalence of psychiatric symptoms ranges from 17% to 44% in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors. The relationship between the comorbidity of psychiatric symptoms and quality of life (QoL) in ICU survivors has not been carefully examined. This study examined the relationship between psychiatric comorbidities and QoL in 58 survivors of ICU delirium. Patients completed 3 psychiatric screens at 3 months after discharge from the hospital, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire for anxiety, and the Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSS-10) questionnaire for posttraumatic stress disorder. Patients with 3 positive screens (PHQ-9 ≥ 10; GAD-7 ≥ 10; and PTSS-10 > 35) comprised the high psychiatric comorbidity group. Patients with 1 to 2 positive screens were labeled the low to moderate (low-moderate) psychiatric comorbidity group. Patients with 3 negative screens were labeled the no psychiatric morbidity group. Thirty-one percent of patients met the criteria for high psychiatric comorbidity. After adjusting for age, gender, Charlson Comorbidity Index, discharge status, and prior history of depression and anxiety, patients who had high psychiatric comorbidity were more likely to have a poorer QoL compared with the low-moderate comorbidity and no morbidity groups, as measured by a lower EuroQol 5 dimensions questionnaire 3-level Index (no, 0.69 ± 0.25; low-moderate, 0.70 ± 0.19; high, 0.48 ± 0.24; P = 0.017). Future studies should confirm these findings and examine whether survivors of ICU delirium with high psychiatric comorbidity have different treatment needs from survivors with lower psychiatric comorbidity

Preoperative STOP-BANG Scores and Postoperative Delirium and Coma in Thoracic Surgery Patients

Background Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with higher rates of postoperative delirium. The relationship between preoperative OSA risk and postoperative delirium and coma in thoracic surgery patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) is not well understood. This study tests the hypothesis that thoracic surgery patients hospitalized in ICU with a higher preoperative risk for OSA are more likely to develop postoperative delirium and coma, resulting in longer hospital stays. Methods Preoperative OSA risk was measured using the STOP-BANG questionnaire. STOP-BANG scores of ≥ 3 were defined as intermediate-high risk for OSA. 128 patients who underwent major thoracic surgery completed the STOP-BANG questionnaire preoperatively. The Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale was used to assess level of consciousness. The Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU was used to assess for delirium. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between risk of OSA and outcome measures. Results were adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, Charlson Comorbidity Index, instrumental activities of daily living, and surgery type. Results 96 out of 128 patients (76%) were in the intermediate-high risk OSA group. Adjusted analyses showed that the intermediate-high risk OSA group had a longer duration of postoperative ICU delirium and coma compared to the low risk OSA group (1.4 days ± 1.3 vs 0.9 days ± 1.4; P = 0.04). Total number of hospital days was not significantly different. Conclusions Higher preoperative risk for OSA in thoracic surgery patients was associated with a longer duration of postoperative delirium and coma

Perioperative Risk Factors for Postoperative Delirium in Patients Undergoing Esophagectomy

Background Postoperative delirium affects up to 50% of patients undergoing esophagectomy and is associated with negative outcomes. The perioperative risk factors for delirium in this population are not well understood. We conducted this study to assess perioperative risk factors for postoperative delirium among esophagectomy patients. Methods We performed a secondary data analysis of patients enrolled in a randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of haloperidol prophylaxis postoperatively in reducing delirium among esophagectomy patients. Postoperative delirium was assessed twice daily using the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between perioperative variables and development of postoperative delirium. Results Of 84 consecutive esophagectomy patients, 27 (32%) developed postoperative delirium. Patients who developed postoperative delirium had higher APACHE II scores [22.1 (6.5) versus 17.4 (6.8); p=0.003], longer mechanical ventilation days [1.7 (1.4) versus 1.0 (1.1); p=0.001], and longer ICU days [5.1 (2.6) versus 2.6 (1.6); p<0.001]. In a logistic regression model, only ICU length of stay was found to have significant association with postoperative delirium [OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.21-2.25]. Conclusions ICU length of stay was significantly associated with postoperative delirium. Other perioperative factors including duration of surgery, blood loss, and hemoglobin levels were not significantly associated with postoperative delirium

Effect of collaborative care for depression on risk of cardiovascular events: data from the IMPACT randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: Although depression is a risk and prognostic factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), depression trials involving cardiac patients have not observed the anticipated cardiovascular benefits. To test our hypothesis that depression treatment delivered before clinical CVD onset reduces risk of CVD events, we conducted an 8-year follow-up study of the Indiana sites of the Improving Mood-Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment (IMPACT) randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Participants were 235 primary care patients 60 years or older with major depression or dysthymia who were randomized to a 12-month collaborative care program involving antidepressants and psychotherapy (85 without and 35 with baseline CVD) or usual care (83 without and 32 with baseline CVD). Hard CVD events (fatal/nonfatal) were identified using electronic medical record and Medicare/Medicaid data. RESULTS: A total of 119 patients (51%) had a hard CVD event. As hypothesized, the treatment × baseline CVD interaction was significant (p = .021). IMPACT patients without baseline CVD had a 48% lower risk of an event than did usual care patients (28% versus 47%, hazard ratio = 0.52, 95% confidence interval = 0.31-0.86). The number needed to treat to prevent one event for 5 years was 6.1. The likelihood of an event did not differ between IMPACT and usual care patients with baseline CVD (86% versus 81%, hazard ratio = 1.19, 95% confidence interval, 0.70-2.03). CONCLUSIONS: Collaborative depression care delivered before CVD onset halved the excess risk of hard CVD events among older, depressed patients. Our findings raise the possibility that the IMPACT intervention could be used as a CVD primary prevention strategy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01561105

Dosimetric comparison of intensity-modulated, conformal, and four-field pelvic radiotherapy boost plans for gynecologic cancer: a retrospective planning study

PURPOSE: To evaluate intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) as an alternative to conformal radiotherapy (CRT) or 4-field box boost (4FB) in women with gynecologic malignancies who are unsuitable for brachytherapy for technical or medical reasons. METHODS: Dosimetric and toxicity information was analyzed for 12 patients with cervical (8), endometrial (2) or vaginal (2) cancer previously treated with external beam pelvic radiotherapy and a CRT boost. Optimized IMRT boost treatment plans were then developed for each of the 12 patients and compared to CRT and 4FB plans. The plans were compared in terms of dose conformality and critical normal tissue avoidance. RESULTS: The median planning target volume (PTV) was 151 cm(3 )(range 58–512 cm(3)). The median overlap of the contoured rectum with the PTV was 15 (1–56) %, and 11 (4–35) % for the bladder. Two of the 12 patients, both with large PTVs and large overlap of the contoured rectum and PTV, developed grade 3 rectal bleeding. The dose conformity was significantly improved with IMRT over CRT and 4FB (p ≤ 0.001 for both). IMRT also yielded an overall improvement in the rectal and bladder dose-volume distributions relative to CRT and 4FB. The volume of rectum that received the highest doses (>66% of the prescription) was reduced by 22% (p < 0.001) with IMRT relative to 4FB, and the bladder volume was reduced by 19% (p < 0.001). This was at the expense of an increase in the volume of these organs receiving doses in the lowest range (<33%). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that IMRT can improve target coverage and reduce dose to critical structures in gynecologic patients receiving an external beam radiotherapy boost. This dosimetric advantage will be integrated with other patient and treatment-specific factors, particularly internal tumor movement during fractionated radiotherapy, in the context of a future image-guided radiation therapy study

Examining the benefits and harms of Alzheimer's disease screening for family members of older adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Multiple national expert panels have identified early detection of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) as a national priority. However, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) does not currently support screening for ADRD in primary care given that the risks and benefits are unknown. The USPSTF stresses the need for research examining the impact of ADRD screening on family caregiver outcomes. METHODS: The Caregiver Outcomes of Alzheimer's Disease Screening (COADS) is a randomized controlled trial that will examine the potential benefits or harms of ADRD screening on family caregivers. It will also compare the effectiveness of two strategies for diagnostic evaluation and management after ADRD screening. COADS will enroll 1800 dyads who will be randomized into three groups (n = 600/group): the 'Screening Only' group will receive ADRD screening at baseline and disclosure of the screening results, with positive-screen participants receiving a list of local resources for diagnostic follow-up; the 'Screening Plus' group will receive ADRD screening at baseline coupled with disclosure of the screening results, with positive-screen participants referred to a dementia collaborative care program for diagnostic evaluation and potential care; and the control group will receive no screening. The COADS trial will measure the quality of life of the family member (the primary outcome) and family member mood, anxiety, preparedness and self-efficacy (the secondary outcomes) at baseline and at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Additionally, the trial will examine the congruence of depressive and anxiety symptoms between older adults and family members at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months and compare the effectiveness of two strategies for diagnostic evaluation and management after ADRD screening between the two groups randomized to screening (Screening Only versus Screening Plus). DISCUSSION: We hypothesize that caregivers in the screening arms will express higher levels of health-related quality of life, lower depressive and anxiety symptoms, and better preparation for caregiving with higher self-efficacy at 24 months. Results from this study will directly inform the National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease, the USPSTF and other organizations regarding ADRD screening and early detection policies